Isaca Updated CISA Exam Questions and Answers by khalil

A digital signature is a cryptographic technique that uses the sender’s private key to generate a unique code for a message or document. The receiver can use the sender’s public key to verify the authenticity and integrity of the message or document. A digital signature can prevent unauthorized change, as any modification to the message or document will invalidate the signature and alert the receiver of tampering.

References

What is a digital signature?

Digital Signature - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

ISACA CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, page 253

The primary basis on which audit objectives are established is the consideration of risks12. This involves identifying and assessing the risks that could prevent the organization from achieving its objectives12. The audit objectives are then designed to address these risks and provide assurance that the organization’s controls are effective in managing them12. While audit risk, assessment of prior audits, and business strategy are important factors in the audit process, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of considering risks12.

References:

• Objectives of Auditing - Primary and Secondary Objectives of Auditing | Auditing Management Notes
• Audit Objectives | Primary and Subsidiary Audit Objectives - EDUCBA

 The best recommendation to address the situation of inconsistencies in privacy requirements across third-party service provider contracts is to prioritize contract amendments for third-party providers. This is because:

• Privacy requirements are essential to ensure the protection of personal information and compliance with relevant laws and regulations, such as the GDPR and the CCPA123.
• Inconsistencies in privacy requirements can create risks of data breaches, legal liabilities, reputational damage, and consumer distrust for the organization that outsources its data processing to third-party providers123.
• Suspending contracts with third-party providers that handle sensitive data (option A) is not a feasible or effective solution, as it may disrupt the business operations and cause contractual penalties or disputes4.
• Reviewing privacy requirements when contracts come up for renewal (option C) is not a proactive or timely approach, as it may leave the organization exposed to privacy risks for a long period of time until the contracts expire4.
• Requiring third-party providers to sign nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) (option D) is not a sufficient measure, as NDAs only cover the confidentiality of information, but not other aspects of privacy, such as data minimization, retention, access, deletion, and security4.

Therefore, the best recommendation is to prioritize contract amendments for third-party providers (option B), as this would allow the organization to align the privacy requirements with its own policies and standards, as well as with the applicable laws and regulations. This would also enable the organization to monitor and audit the compliance of third-party providers with the privacy requirements and enforce appropriate remedies or sanctions in case of noncompliance45.

References: 1: Understanding CPRA service provider contract requirements - Transcend 2: What you must know about ‘third parties’ under GDPR and CCPA 3: Data Privacy Implications for Service Provider & Third-Party Contracts 4: Privacy and outsourcing for businesses - Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada 5: Data Security Guidelines for outsourcing and third party compliance - European Union Agency for Network and Information Security

Function point analysis (FPA) is the best methodology to use for estimating the complexity of developing a large business application. FPA is a technique that measures the functionality of a software system based on the user requirements and the business processes that the system supports. FPA assigns a numerical value to each function or feature of the system, based on its type, complexity, and relative size. The total number of function points represents the size and complexity of the system, which can be used to estimate the development effort, cost, and time.

FPA has several advantages over other estimation methods, such as:

• It is independent of the technology, programming language, or development methodology used for the system. Therefore, it can be applied consistently across different platforms and environments.
• It is based on the user perspective and the business value of the system, rather than the technical details or implementation aspects. Therefore, it can be performed early in the project life cycle, before the design or coding phases.
• It is objective and standardized, as it follows a set of rules and guidelines defined by the International Function Point Users Group (IFPUG). Therefore, it can reduce ambiguity and improve accuracy and reliability of the estimates.
• It is adaptable and scalable, as it can handle changes in the user requirements or the system scope. Therefore, it can support agile and iterative development approaches.

References:

• 1: Function Point Analysis – Introduction and Fundamentals
• 2: Software Engineering | Functional Point (FP) Analysis