ISC Updated CISSP Exam Questions and Answers by obi

The security accreditation task of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process is completed at the end of the system implementation phase. The SDLC is a framework that describes the stages and activities involved in the development, deployment, and maintenance of a system. The SDLC typically consists of the following phases: system initiation, system acquisition and development, system implementation, system operations and maintenance, and system disposal. The security accreditation task is the process of formally authorizing a system to operate in a specific environment, based on the security requirements, controls, and risks. The security accreditation task is part of the security certification and accreditation (C&A) process, which also includes the security certification task, which is the process of technically evaluating and testing the security controls and functionality of a system. The security accreditation task is completed at the end of the system implementation phase, which is the phase where the system is installed, configured, integrated, and tested in the target environment. The security accreditation task involves reviewing the security certification results and documentation, such as the security plan, the security assessment report, and the plan of action and milestones, and making a risk-based decision to grant, deny, or conditionally grant the authorization to operate (ATO) the system. The security accreditation task is usually performed by a senior official, such as the authorizing official (AO) or the designated approving authority (DAA), who has the authority and responsibility to accept the security risks and approve the system operation. The security accreditation task is not completed at the end of the system acquisition and development, system operations and maintenance, or system initiation phases. The system acquisition and development phase is the phase where the system requirements, design, and development are defined and executed, and the security controls are selected and implemented. The system operations and maintenance phase is the phase where the system is used and supported in the operational environment, and the security controls are monitored and updated. The system initiation phase is the phase where the system concept, scope, and objectives are established, and the security categorization and planning are performed. 

A digital watermark is a hidden signal embedded in a data file that can be used to identify the owner, source, or authenticity of the data. A watermark is difficult to detect and remove without degrading the quality of the data. However, one way that a watermark might still be inadvertently removed is by truncating parts of the data, such as cropping an image or cutting a video. This might affect the location or size of the watermark and make it unreadable or invalid. References: Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, page 507; CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, page 344.

Information ownership is the most important factor when determining who can accept the risk associated with a vulnerability. Information ownership is the concept that assigns the roles and responsibilities for the creation, maintenance, protection, and disposal of information assets within an organization. Information owners are the individuals or entities who have the authority and accountability for the information assets, and who can make decisions regarding the information lifecycle, classification, access, and usage. Information owners are also responsible for accepting or rejecting the risk associated with the information assets, and for ensuring that the risk is managed and communicated appropriately. Information owners can delegate some of their responsibilities to other roles, such as information custodians, information users, or information stewards, but they cannot delegate their accountability for the information assets and the associated risk. Countermeasure effectiveness, type of potential loss, and incident likelihood are not the most important factors when determining who can accept the risk associated with a vulnerability, although they are relevant or useful factors. Countermeasure effectiveness is the measure of how well a security control reduces or eliminates the risk. Countermeasure effectiveness can help to evaluate the cost-benefit and performance of the security control, and to determine the level of residual risk. Type of potential loss is the measure of the adverse impact or consequence that can result from a risk event. Type of potential loss can include financial, operational, reputational, legal, or strategic losses. Type of potential loss can help to assess the severity and priority of the risk, and to justify the investment and implementation of the security control. Incident likelihood is the measure of the probability or frequency of a risk event occurring. Incident likelihood can be influenced by various factors, such as the threat capability, the vulnerability exposure, the environmental conditions, or the historical data. Incident likelihood can help to estimate the level and trend of the risk, and to select the appropriate risk response and security control.

 The most environmentally friendly and appropriate method of suppressing a fire in a data center is to use an inert gas fire suppression system. An inert gas fire suppression system is a type of gaseous fire suppression system that uses an inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide, to extinguish a fire. An inert gas fire suppression system works by displacing the oxygen in the area and reducing the oxygen concentration below the level that supports combustion. An inert gas fire suppression system is environmentally friendly, as it does not produce any harmful or toxic by-products, and it does not deplete the ozone layer. An inert gas fire suppression system is also appropriate for a data center, as it does not damage or affect the electronic equipment, and it does not pose any health risks to the personnel, as long as the oxygen level is maintained above the minimum requirement for human survival. Halon gas fire suppression system, dry-pipe sprinklers, and wet-pipe sprinklers are not the most environmentally friendly and appropriate methods of suppressing a fire in a data center, although they may be effective or common fire suppression techniques. Halon gas fire suppression system is a type of gaseous fire suppression system that uses halon, a chemical compound that contains bromine, to extinguish a fire. Halon gas fire suppression system works by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire and inhibiting the combustion process. Halon gas fire suppression system is not environmentally friendly, as it produces harmful or toxic by-products, and it depletes the ozone layer. Halon gas fire suppression system is also not appropriate for a data center, as it poses health risks to the personnel, and it is banned or restricted in many countries. Dry-pipe sprinklers are a type of water-based fire suppression system that uses pressurized air or nitrogen to fill the pipes, and water to spray from the sprinkler heads when a fire is detected. Dry-pipe sprinklers are not environmentally friendly, as they use water, which is a scarce and valuable resource, and they may cause water pollution or contamination. Dry-pipe sprinklers are also not appropriate for a data center, as they may damage or affect the electronic equipment, and they may trigger false alarms or accidental discharges. Wet-pipe sprinklers are a type of water-based fire suppression system that uses pressurized water to fill the pipes and spray from the sprinkler heads when a fire is detected. Wet-pipe sprinklers are not environmentally friendly, as they use water, which is a scarce and valuable resource, and they may cause water pollution or contamination. Wet-pipe sprinklers are also not appropriate for a data center, as they may damage or affect the electronic equipment, and they may trigger false alarms or accidental discharges.