GARP Updated 2016-FRR Exam Questions and Answers by mikolaj

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Securitization involves pooling illiquid assets (e.g., mortgages, loans) and converting them into tradable securities sold to investors, thereby transferring risk and improving balance sheet liquidity. Option C is correct as it describes selling illiquid assets (e.g., loans) via securitization. Option A is vague (“exogenous liquidity” isn’t a standard term), Option B is incorrect (securitization enhances, not reduces, liquidity), and Option D is wrong (liquid assets like cash aren’t typically securitized). GARP’s FRR confirms this process.

To calculate the Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC), we use the formula:RAROC=Net IncomeValue at Risk (VaR)RAROC=Value at Risk (VaR)Net Income​

Here, the net income from the transaction is the fees minus the financing costs:Net Income=$2,000,000−$600,000=$1,400,000Net Income=$2,000,000−$600,000=$1,400,000

The VaR is given as $8,000,000. So, the RAROC is:RAROC=$1,400,000$8,000,000=0.175 or 17.5%RAROC=$8,000,000$1,400,000​=0.175 or 17.5%

Short selling in physical commodities markets involves borrowing the commodity and selling it with the hope of buying it back at a lower price. The right combination of characteristics that generally allows short selling without making the transaction prohibitively expensive includes factors like liquidity, storage costs, and ease of borrowing.

Oil:While the oil market is highly liquid, storage costs and logistical challenges can make short selling more expensive.

Natural Gas:Similar to oil, natural gas involves significant storage and transportation costs, making short selling less attractive.

Grain:Grain markets can have high volatility and storage costs that could complicate short selling.

Gold:Gold has the ideal combination of characteristics for short selling. It is highly liquid, has relatively low storage costs, and is easy to borrow. These factors make short selling gold less prohibitively expensive compared to other commodities.

Endogenous liquidity risk refers to the risk arising from the inherent characteristics of the asset itself, which can affect its liquidity under stress conditions.

A 2-year U.S. Treasury bond (Option A) and a 10-year U.S. Treasury bond (Option C) are both highly liquid because they are backed by the U.S. government and have deep, well-functioning markets.

A 1-week corporate loan with a AAA-rated company (Option B) has high credit quality and a short duration, making it relatively liquid.

A 3-year subprime mortgage (Option D), however, carries significant credit risk and is less liquid due to its lower credit quality and the potential for higher default rates, particularly under stress conditions. This makes it the asset with the greatest endogenous liquidity risk.

References

Based on information on liquidity risks and the inherent risk characteristics of various assets as discussed in the document​​.