GARP Updated 2016-FRR Exam Questions and Answers by philip

Modified duration is a key metric used to measure the sensitivity of a portfolio of assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates. It adjusts Macaulay duration to account for changes in yield, providing a moreaccurate reflection of the price sensitivity of a bond or a portfolio of bonds to interest rate changes. It is particularly useful for managing interest rate risk in a portfolio.

When computing VaR using parametric methods, a common implicit assumption is that both the mean and standard deviation of returns are constant over time.

Constant Mean: The expected return of the asset or portfolio does not change over the time period considered.

Constant Standard Deviation: The volatility of returns, which measures the dispersion of returns from the mean, is assumed to be constant.

This assumption simplifies the calculations as it allows the use of historical data to estimate future risks. However, it may not always hold true in real-world scenarios where markets can exhibit changing volatility and return patterns.

References

How Finance Works.pdf, p. 201 ​

When a bank has a large number of auto loans and finds it difficult to sell them individually, it can take the following steps to raise cash:

Packaging into a Securitized Vehicle:The bank can package these auto loans into a securitized vehicle, such as a collateralized loan obligation (CLO) or an asset-backed security (ABS). By doing so, the bank can create a portfolio of loans that can be sold as a single security.

Selling the Low-Risk Portion:Once the loans are securitized, the bank can sell the low-risk portion of the portfolio to investors. This part of the portfolio is more attractive to investors because it typically offers lower risk and stable returns, making it easier to sell compared to individual loans.

An asset-sensitive bank has more rate-sensitive assets than rate-sensitive liabilities. This results in a positive cumulative gap, meaning the bank will benefit from rising interest rates. As interest rates increase, the income from rate-sensitive assets will increase more than the expense on rate-sensitive liabilities, improving the bank's net interest income.