ECCouncil Updated 212-89 Exam Questions and Answers by ettie

In the context of using Wireshark, a popular network protocol analyzer, to detect ping sweep attempts on a network, the filtericmp.type==8is used. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is utilized for sending error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP type 8 messages are echo requests, which are used by the ping command to test the reachability of a host on an IP network. A ping sweep consists of ICMP echo requests sent to multiple hosts to find which ones are alive. By applying theicmp.type==8filter in Wireshark, Bran can isolate and examine the echo request messages, helping to identify ping sweep attempts, which are characterized by a high volume of ICMP echo requests over a broad range of IP addresses in a short period.

References:The ECIH v3 program by EC-Council covers network monitoring and analysis techniques, including the use of Wireshark and its filters to detect various types of network scanning activities, such as ping sweeps.

Hex encoding (also known as hexadecimal encoding) involves converting binary data into hexadecimal representation. In the context described, when a user submits a request with potentially malicious input (such as a single quote and other characters in an attempt to perform SQL injection), the encoding technique converts this input into a string of hexadecimal digits (ranging from 0 to 9 and A to F). This prevents the direct interpretation of the input as SQL commands by the database, thereby mitigating the risk of SQL injection attacks. This method is a form of input sanitization that helps ensure that user input cannot be used to manipulate database queries directly.

References:The use of hex encoding as a technique to prevent SQL injection attacks is discussed in the ECIH v3 course materials. This includes an explanation of how encoding user input can protect web applications from injection and other forms of attacks by ensuring that inputs are treated as data rather than executable code.

In the context of US Federal Agencies, incidents are categorized based on their impact on operations, assets, or individuals. A DoS attack that prevents or impairs the authorized functionality of networks and is still ongoing without successful mitigation efforts typically falls under Category 2 (CAT 2). This category is designated for incidents that have a significant impact, requiring immediate reporting and response. The reporting timeframe of within 2 hours as mentioned aligns with the urgency associated with CAT 2 incidents, emphasizing the need for swift action to address the attack and restore normal operations.References:US Federal incident response guidelines and the Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses outline the categorization of cybersecurity incidents, detailing the response protocols for each category, including the reporting timeframes.

Email-bombing refers to the attack where the attacker sends a massive volume of emails to a specific email address or mail server in order to overflow the mailbox or overwhelm the server, potentially causing it to fail or deny service to legitimate users. This attack can disrupt communications and, in some cases, lead to the targeted email account being disabled. Masquerading involves pretending to be another legitimate user, spoofing is the creation of emails (or other communications) with a forged sender address, and a smurf attack is a specific type of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack that exploits Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to flood a target with traffic. Email-bombing specifically targets email services with the goal of causing disruption by overflowing inboxes.References:ECIH v3 courses and study guides often include discussions on various attack vectors used by cybercriminals, including email-based threats and their impact on organizational security.