CFA Institute Updated ESG-Investing Exam Questions and Answers by emir

Dual-class shares typically favor the founders of a company by giving them greater voting power compared to other shareholders, allowing them to retain control over decision-making even if their economic ownership of the company is diluted. This mechanism is often used to protect the founders' vision and strategy for the company.ESG Reference: Chapter 5, Page 241 - Governance Factors in the ESG textbook.

An ESG scorecard is a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative analysis. It typically combines quantitative data, such as ESG ratings and key performance indicators (KPIs), with qualitative assessments, such as management quality and governance practices, to provide a comprehensive view of a company's ESG performance.ESG Reference: Chapter 7, Page 368 - ESG Analysis, Valuation & Integration in the ESG textbook.

TCFD encourages measuring carbon exposure on a portfolio-weighted basis to provide a comprehensive view of the portfolio’s overall carbon footprint, aiding in managing climate-related risks. (ESGTextBook[PallasCatFin], Chapter 3, Page 139)

ESG ratings are considered a primary source of ESG data. These ratings are generated by specialized ESG research firms and provide an assessment of a company’s ESG performance based on various metrics and methodologies. Research from consultants or regulatory scores may supplement these ratings but are not primary sources.ESG Reference: Chapter 7, Page 319 - ESG Analysis, Valuation & Integration in the ESG textbook.