ECCouncil Updated 312-50v13 Exam Questions and Answers by bruce

Without documented approval, the firewall rule could represent an unauthorized change or security risk. Rolling it back until proper change control processes are followed is consistent with best practices in security governance.

CEH v13 Reference:

Module 1: Introduction to Ethical Hacking

"Unauthorized changes to security devices should be immediately reviewed and reverted until formal approval is obtained."

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In CEH v13 Module 11: Hacking Wireless Networks, antenna types are critical for wireless communications, signal strength, and attack range.

Yagi Antenna

A directional antenna designed to operate in VHF (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and UHF (300 MHz to 3 GHz) frequency bands.

Frequently used for point-to-point communication, such as long-distance Wi-Fi or directional signal monitoring.

Offers high gain, narrow beamwidth, and works well for capturing or projecting signals over long distances.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. Dipole antenna: Typically omnidirectional; less gain; not optimized for long-distance VHF/UHF.

C. Parabolic grid antenna: Used in microwave and satellite frequencies; not suited for 10 MHz–VHF.

D. Omnidirectional antenna: Broadcasts in all directions; used in short-range access points.

In CEH v13 Module 01: Introduction to Ethical Hacking, Gray Hat hackers are described as those who operate between ethical and unethical lines:

Gray Hat Characteristics:

Discover vulnerabilities without permission.

May explore or exploit them without malicious intent, but also without authorization.

May or may not disclose them after exploration.

Not fully black hat (malicious), nor white hat (authorized and ethical).

In this case, John explored sensitive employee data without authorization, even though he worked for the organization. That behavior places him in the gray hat category.

Option Clarification:

A. Cybercriminal: Generally linked to criminal activities for gain.

B. Black hat: Unauthorized access with malicious or financial intent.

C. White hat: Authorized ethical hackers.

D. Gray hat: Correct – Unauthorized, curious access without immediate harm.

Before enforcing policies or issuing warnings, the most effective first step is to educate employees. Awareness training helps build a foundational understanding of risks and best practices, especially in low-security cultures.

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