ECCouncil Updated 312-50v13 Exam Questions and Answers by alvin

Two-factor Authentication or 2FA is a user identity verification method, where two of the three possible authentication factors are combined to grant access to a website or application.1) something the user knows, 2) something the user has, or 3) something the user is.

The possible factors of authentication are:

· Something the User Knows:

This is often a password, passphrase, PIN, or secret question. To satisfy this authentication challenge, the user must provide information that matches the answers previously provided to the organization by that user, such as “Name the town in which you were born.”

· Something the User Has:

This involves entering a one-time password generated by a hardware authenticator. Users carry around an authentication device that will generate a one-time password on command. Users then authenticate by providing this code to the organization. Today, many organizations offer software authenticators that can be installed on the user’s mobile device.

· Something the User Is:

This third authentication factor requires the user to authenticate using biometric data. This can include fingerprint scans, facial scans, behavioral biometrics, and more.

For example: In internet security, the most used factors of authentication are:

something the user has (e.g., a bank card) and something the user knows (e.g., a PIN code). This is two-factor authentication. Two-factor authentication is also sometimes referred to as strong authentication, Two-Step Verification, or 2FA.

The key difference between Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is that, as the term implies, Two-Factor Authentication utilizes a combination of two out of three possible authentication factors. In contrast, Multi-Factor Authentication could utilize two or more of these authentication factors.

A Network-based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) monitors all network traffic for signs of suspicious activity across multiple hosts. In large environments with critical assets (e.g., financial or healthcare networks), NIDS is ideal because it provides visibility into entire network segments, not just individual systems.

NIDS can be deployed at strategic points (e.g., DMZs, VLANs, subnets) to detect unauthorized access, malware activity, or policy violations.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 13: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots

Quote:

“Network-based IDS monitors traffic across an entire subnet or segment and is most effective in large environments to detect malicious activity before it reaches critical assets.”

Incorrect Options Explained:

A. Honeypots attract and log attacker behavior, but do not provide network-wide detection.

B. Firewalls filter traffic but are not detection systems.

D. HIDS monitors activity on a single host only.

===========

Shellshock (CVE-2014-6271) is a vulnerability in the GNU Bash (Bourne Again Shell) that allows remote code execution via crafted environment variables. It was disclosed in 2014 and had a wide impact on systems that relied on Bash as a command-line shell interpreter.

Affected systems include:

Linux distributions (Red Hat, Debian, CentOS, Ubuntu, etc.)

Unix variants (e.g., FreeBSD, OpenBSD, etc.)

Apple macOS (formerly OS X), since it uses Bash as the default shell

Windows systems were not directly affected because they do not use Bash by default. Bash is not a native component of Windows operating systems, and Shellshock exploits Bash-specific behavior. Only Windows systems where Bash was manually installed through a third-party method or environment (e.g., Cygwin) might be susceptible — but by default, Windows systems are immune.

Incorrect options:

A. Linux — Affected

B. Unix — Affected

C. OS X — Affected

D. Windows — Not directly affected (Correct answer)

Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to attach to and use cloud-based apps over the web. Common examples ar email, calendaring and workplace tool (such as Microsoft workplace 365).

SaaS provides a whole software solution that you get on a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider. You rent the use of an app for your organisation and your users connect with it over the web, typically with an internet browser. All of the underlying infrastructure, middleware, app software system and app knowledge ar located within the service provider’s knowledge center. The service provider manages the hardware and software system and with the appropriate service agreement, can make sure the availability and also the security of the app and your data as well. SaaS allows your organisation to induce quickly up and running with an app at token upfront cost.

Common SaaS scenarios

This tool having used a web-based email service like Outlook, Hotmail or Yahoo! Mail, then you have got already used a form of SaaS. With these services, you log into your account over the web, typically from an internet browser. the e-mail software system is found on the service provider’s network and your messages ar hold on there moreover. you can access your email and hold on messages from an internet browser on any laptop or Internet-connected device.

The previous examples are free services for personal use. For organisational use, you can rent productivity apps, like email, collaboration and calendaring; and sophisticated business applications like client relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource coming up with (ERP) and document management. You buy the use of those apps by subscription or per the level of use.

Advantages of SaaS

Gain access to stylish applications. to supply SaaS apps to users, you don’t ought to purchase, install, update or maintain any hardware, middleware or software system. SaaS makes even sophisticated enterprise applications, like ERP and CRM, affordable for organisations that lack the resources to shop for, deploy and manage the specified infrastructure and software system themselves.

Pay just for what you utilize. you furthermore may economize because the SaaS service automatically scales up and down per the level of usage.

Use free shopper software system. Users will run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without needing to transfer and install any software system, though some apps need plugins. this suggests that you simply don’t ought to purchase and install special software system for your users.

Mobilise your hands simply. SaaS makes it simple to “mobilise” your hands as a result of users will access SaaS apps and knowledge from any Internet-connected laptop or mobile device. You don’t ought to worry concerning developing apps to run on differing types of computers and devices as a result of the service supplier has already done therefore. additionally, you don’t ought to bring special experience aboard to manage the safety problems inherent in mobile computing. A fastidiously chosen service supplier can make sure the security of your knowledge, no matter the sort of device intense it.

Access app knowledge from anyplace. With knowledge hold on within the cloud, users will access their info from any Internet-connected laptop or mobile device. And once app knowledge is hold on within the cloud, no knowledge is lost if a user’s laptop or device fails.