The correct answer is D. Muscle cramps.
Hemodialysis is a process that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood in patients with kidney failure. During this process, rapid shifts in fluid and electrolytes can lead to several complications.
One of the most common adverse effects during hemodialysis is muscle cramps, which are primarily caused by:
Rapid fluid removal (hypovolemia)
Electrolyte imbalances
Changes in osmolarity
Why D is correct:
NREMT-based medical guidelines highlight that:
“Patients undergoing dialysis commonly experience complications such as hypotension and muscle cramping.”
Muscle cramps are frequently reported during or immediately after dialysis due to fluid shifts.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Tinnitus: Not associated with dialysis treatment.
B. Gallstones: A chronic condition unrelated to dialysis sessions.
C. Hypertension: While kidney patients may have hypertension, dialysis more commonly causes hypotension, not hypertension, during treatment.
Exact Extracts:
“Complications of dialysis include hypotension and muscle cramps.”
“Rapid fluid shifts during dialysis can result in painful muscle cramping.”
“Dialysis patients may experience electrolyte imbalances leading to neuromuscular symptoms.”
[References:, NREMT EMT Education Standards – Medical Emergencies (Renal and Urologic Conditions), NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) – Medical Content, Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) – Renal Emergencies, ==================================, , , ]