One of the most frequent mistakes in cybersecurity management—according to ISA/IEC 62443 guidance—is focusing only on technological solutions and neglecting other critical components such as people, process, and culture. Effective cybersecurity management must include policies, training, incident response, and continual improvement, not just technical controls. This holistic approach is emphasized throughout the standards, particularly in the sections describing CSMS program elements and organizational responsibilities.
[Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009, Section 4.2.3 (“Cybersecurity is not just a technology problem”); Section 6.2.4 (Organizational awareness and training)., , , , ]
Question 37
Why is OPC Classic considered firewall unfriendly?
Options:
A.
It allows use of only port 80.
B.
It dynamically assigns several ports.
C.
It is an obsolete communication standard.
D.
It works with control devices from different manufacturers.
OPC Classic uses Microsoft's DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) for communication, which dynamically opens multiple ports, making it extremely difficult to manage with firewalls.
“OPC Classic is firewall-unfriendly because DCOM requires dynamic port negotiation, making it difficult to define consistent firewall rules.”
— ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Annex A – Communication Protocols and Security Concerns
This lack of port predictability presents a significant security and operational risk, which led to the development of OPC UA, which uses fixed ports and supports encryption.
[References:, ISA/IEC 62443-3-3 – Annex A, OPC Foundation Security Guidelines, ===========, , , , ]
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Question 38
Which standard is recognized as part of the NIST CSF Informative References?
ISA/IEC 62443 is officially listed as an Informative Reference in the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF). Informative References provide detailed guidance to help organizations implement the CSF's functions, categories, and subcategories.
“ISA/IEC 62443 is included in the NIST CSF Informative References to help apply risk-based cybersecurity practices to industrial control systems.”
— NIST CSF Informative Reference Catalog, Section: PR.IP and ID.RA
ISA/IEC 62443 aligns well with CSF categories such as Protect (PR) and Identify (ID), especially for operational technology environments.
Foundational Requirement 1 (FR 1) in the ISA/IEC 62443 series is titled “Identification and Authentication Control (IAC)”. Its purpose is to control access to selected devices by ensuring that only authenticated and authorized users or systems can interact with critical IACS components.
“FR 1 – Identification and Authentication Control (IAC): This foundational requirement ensures that all users and components interacting with the system are uniquely identified and authenticated before access is granted.”
— ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Clause 4.2.1 – FR 1
This foundational layer supports higher-level security goals like use control, confidentiality, and system integrity.
[References:, ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 – Clause 4.2.1, ISA/IEC 62443-1-1 – Overview of the 7 Foundational Requirements, ===========, , , , ]
