ISTQB Updated ISTQB-CTFL Exam Questions and Answers by winifred

A formal review is a type of review that follows a defined process with formal entry and exit criteria and roles and responsibilities for participants. A formal review can have various roles involved, such as manager, moderator, author, reviewer and scribe. The manager responsibilities in formal review include all except one of the following:

• Planning the review (correct responsibility)
• Determines if the review objectives have been met (incorrect responsibility)
• Decide on the execution of reviews (correct responsibility)
• Allocate time for review (correct responsibility) The responsibility of determining if the review objectives have been met belongs to the moderator role, not to the manager role. Verified References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 3, page 28-29.

• The question is about identifying an example of testing contributing to higher quality. Quality is the degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or user/customer needs and expectations1. Testing is the process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects2.
• Therefore, testing contributes to higher quality by verifying and validating that the software products and related work products meet the specified requirements, are fit for purpose and have no defects, or at least have a reduced number of defects. Testing also provides information about the quality of the software products and related work products to the stakeholders, who can make informed decisions based on the test results3.
• Out of the four given statements, only option D is an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it shows that testing has detected a defect (a flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function4) and that the defect has been resolved (fixed and confirmed) prior to release (delivery of the software product to the customer or end user). This means that testing has prevented a potential failure (an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits) from occurring in the operational environment, and thus has improved the quality of the software product.
• Option A is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a reporting activity that summarizes the test results and evaluates the test objectives, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test summary report is a document that records and communicates the outcomes of testing activities, including test completion criteria, test results, incident reports, test summary and evaluation, and lessons learned.
• Option B is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a planning activity that estimates the resources and time needed for testing activities, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test effort estimate is an approximation of the amount of work and/or the duration of time required to perform testing activities.
• Option C is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a preparation activity that sets up the test environment (an environment containing hardware, instrumentation, simulators, software tools, and other support elements needed to conduct a test), but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test environment installation is a process of installing and configuring the test environment according to the test environment specification.

References:

• 1: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 10
• 2: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 11
• 3: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 12
• 4: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 77
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 78
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 79
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 80
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 81
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 82
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 83
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 84
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 85
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 86
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 87
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 88
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 89
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 90
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 91
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 92
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 93
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 94
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 95
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 96
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 97
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 98
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 99
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 100
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 101
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 102
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 103
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 104
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 105
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 106
• : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 107

The fundamental testing process includes activities that are directly related to the planning, preparation, execution, and evaluation of tests, as well as the closure activities of the testing phase. Option D, "Build release and maintenance," falls outside the scope of the fundamental testing process as it relates more to software development and operations rather than specific testing activities. Options A, "Archiving automation code," B, "Test status reporting," and C, "Test process improvement," are all activities that can be part of or associated with the fundamental testing process. Archiving automation code is part of test closure, test status reporting is part of test monitoring and control, and test process improvement can be an outcome of test closure activities.

The following statements about reviews are true:

• I) In walkthroughs the review meeting is typically led by the author. A walkthrough is a type of review that has a predefined objective and agenda but no formal process or roles. A walkthrough is typically led by the author of the work product under review, who guides the participants through a scenario and solicits feedback.
• IV) Management rarely participates in technical review meetings. A technical review is a type of review that has a predefined objective and agenda but no formal process or roles. A technical review is typically performed by peers with technical expertise in order to evaluate technical aspects of a work product. Management rarely participates in technical review meetings, as they may not have sufficient technical knowledge or skills to contribute effectively. The following statements about reviews are false:
• II) Inspection is characterized by an open-ended review meeting. An inspection is a type of review that follows a defined process with formal entry and exit criteria and roles and responsibilities for participants. An inspection is characterized by a structured review meeting with a fixed duration and agenda.
• III) Preparation before the review meeting is part of informal reviews. Preparation before the review meeting is part of formal reviews, such as inspections or technical reviews. Preparation involves checking