The outermost cellular layer of skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that provides a protective barrier against environmental factors such as pathogens, UV radiation, and physical injury. It is composed of several layers, including the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of dead keratinized cells.
Question 45
Which of the following is a blood clotting disorder?
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding. This disorder is caused by the deficiency of specific clotting factors, such as factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). People with hemophilia may bleed for a longer time after an injury, and they may experience spontaneous internal bleeding, especially in the joints and muscles. Hemophilia is typically inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, affecting mostly males.Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factors.
Question 46
Drug agents that neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach are called
Drug agents that neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach are called antacids. Antacids are used to relieve symptoms of indigestion, heartburn, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They work by neutralizing stomach acid to reduce irritation and discomfort.
References:
Pharmacology for Health Professionals by Bronwen Bryant and Kathleen Knights
Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
When applying a cast,plaster is applied over a stockinetteand padding to protect the skin and provide comfort. The stockinette is a soft, stretchable fabric sleeve that prevents direct contact between the plaster and the skin. The padding, often made of cotton or synthetic materials, cushions the area and absorbs any moisture. The other options are incorrect and can lead to complications such as skin irritation or pressure sores.
[Reference:, "Cast Care Instructions." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/recovery/caring-for-casts-and-splints, , ]
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