GAQM Updated CITM-001 Exam Questions and Answers by maksymilian

 Distributed databases provide several advantages over centralized databases, including improved scalability, availability, performance, flexibility, fault tolerance, and security1. Here are some of the advantages of distributed databases:

• Increased availability: Distributed databases can tolerate failures of individual nodes or sites without affecting the overall system functionality. Users can access data from other sites if their local site is down or unreachable. Data replication and backup mechanisms can also enhance data availability and recovery2.
• Easier expansion: Distributed databases can be scaled horizontally by adding more nodes to the network. This allows for increased capacity and performance as data and user demand grow. Adding new sites or units to the distributed system does not require significant efforts or disruption in the existing functions2.
• Improved performance: Distributed databases can offer faster response and lower communication costs by locating data near the users who normally use that data. Distributed query processing and transaction management can also optimize the use of network and computing resources. Furthermore, distributed databases can exploit the parallelism of multiple nodes to execute operations concurrently13.

References: What Is a Distributed Database? {Features, Benefits & Drawbacks}, Advantage and Disadvantage of Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) - Bench Partner, Advantages of Distributed database - GeeksforGeeks

Restrictions on Internet access and efforts to censor web sites may impede the development of a global information system by limiting the availability, diversity, and quality of information that can be accessed and shared across borders. Such restrictions may also hamper the innovation, collaboration, and communication that are essential for the advancement of technology, science, and society. According to the CITM study guide, a global information system is “a system that collects, processes, stores, and disseminates information that is relevant to the needs of users in different countries” (p. 26). The benefits of a global information system include “improved decision making, enhanced coordination, increased efficiency, reduced costs, and greater customer satisfaction” (p. 26). However, these benefits can be undermined by various forms of internet censorship, such as:

• Manipulating search results to favor certain sources or viewpoints, or to hide or distort information that is unfavorable to the censoring authority.
• Blocking access to specific sites or domains that contain information that is deemed illegal, immoral, or politically sensitive by the censoring authority.
• Shutting off internet access altogether or imposing bandwidth limitations during times of crisis, protest, or conflict to prevent the dissemination of information that could challenge the status quo or mobilize opposition.
• Requiring users to register or obtain licenses to access certain sites or services, or to use encryption or VPNs, which can deter or restrict internet usage and expose users to surveillance or prosecution.
• Monitoring, filtering, or deleting online content or communications that are considered harmful, offensive, or subversive by the censoring authority, or imposing self-censorship through legal or social pressure.

These forms of internet censorship can have negative impacts on the development of a global information system, such as:

• Reducing the amount and variety of information that is available to users in different countries, which can limit their knowledge, awareness, and understanding of global issues and perspectives.
• Lowering the quality and reliability of information that is available to users in different countries, which can impair their ability to make informed and rational decisions, or to verify and challenge the information they receive.
• Restricting the opportunities and platforms for users in different countries to exchange and share information, ideas, opinions, and feedback, which can hinder their collaboration, innovation, and creativity.
• Violating the rights and freedoms of users in different countries to access and express information, which can undermine their participation, representation, and empowerment in the global society.

References:

• CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Global Information Systems, pp. 25-32
• Internet Censorship in 2024: The Impact of Internet Restrictions1
• Internet Censorship 2024: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions2
• Internet Censorship: Definition, Types, & How It Can Affect You3
• How Countries Censor and Control the Internet4

Lower level management, also known as supervisory or operational management, is the lowest tier of the managerial hierarchy. It consists of managers who oversee the work of employees and report to middle level managers. Lower level managers can make use of the managerial hierarchy to obtain approvals or additional guidance from their superiors when they face problems or challenges that are beyond their authority or expertise. The managerial hierarchy also helps lower level managers to communicate and coordinate with other managers and departments within the organization. References: 3, CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Organizational Structure and Design, Section 2.1: Types of Organizational Structures, Page 18.

Data are often proprietary or confidential because they contain valuable information that can give a competitive advantage to the owner or affect the privacy of the individuals or entities involved. Data can be classified into different levels of sensitivity and protection, depending on the potential impact of unauthorized disclosure, modification, or loss. For example, data that contain personal, financial, or health information of customers or employees are usually considered highly confidential and require strict security measures. Data that contain trade secrets, intellectual property, or strategic plans are also typically proprietary and confidential, as they can affect the market position or reputation of the owner. Data that are public or non-sensitive, such as general information about products or services, may not require the same level of protection, but still need to be managed and maintained properly. References: CITM Course Outline, Module 6 - Data Management, Section 6.1 - Data Classification and Protection; Sample Exam, Question 72.